26/04/2021 · 1 Introduction. Active calderas are complex volcanic systems that typically host hydrothermal manifestations such as fumaroles, mud pools, and steaming grounds (e.g., Mayer, Scheu, Yilmaz, et al., 2017; Montanaro, Mayer, et al., 2017; Montanaro, Scheu, et al., 2016; Morgan et al., 2009).The location and intensity of these phenomena provide insights into the volcanic
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